Maternal rubella syndrome

What is maternal metabolic disorder? Does Down syndrome increase with maternal age? How is May Thurner syndrome diagnosed? If infection occurs 0–days before conception, the infant has a risk of being affected.

When rubella infection occurs during early pregnancy, serious consequences–such as miscarriages, stillbirths, and a constellation of severe birth defects in infants–can result.

Its major complication of maternal infection in early pregnancy is congenital rubella syndrome. Pregnant women who contract rubella are at risk for miscarriage or stillbirth, and their developing babies are at risk for severe birth defects with devastating. Depending on the gestational period when the mother contracts rubella , an infant born with CRS may be unaffected by the virus or it may have severe developmental defects. Rubella can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the newborn, the most severe sequela of rubella.

The syndrome (CRS) follows intrauterine infection by the rubella virus and comprises cardiac, cerebral, ophthalmic and auditory defects. It may also cause prematurity, low birth weight, and neonatal thrombocytopenia, anemia and hepatitis. No rubella defects were noted in those infected after the 16th week.

More recently, Munro and colleaguesreported their findings on 1infants with confirmed congenital rubella syndrome in whom the maternal infection was proved serologically, thereby allowing a fairly accurate assessment of gestational age at the time of infection. The epidemiology of rubella infection is discussed separately. However, in many developing countries congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) remains a major cause of developmental anomalies, particularly blindness and deafness.

Rubella is believed to invade the upper respiratory tract, with subsequent viremia and dissemination of virus to different sites, including the placenta. Congenital rubella typically from a primary maternal infection. It falls under the TORCH group of infections. Maternal infection Risk. Rubella (german measles) is a single stranded RNA virus, which is transmitted by airborne droplets between close contacts.

In the UK, the incidence of rubella infection has reduced dramatically since the introduction of the MMR vaccination programme. If such an infection does not lead to miscarriage or still birth, the neonate may show severe congenital malformations. Rubella syndrome , or congenital rubella , is a group of physical abnormalities that have developed in an infant as a result of maternal infection and subsequent fetal infection with rubella virus. It is characterized by rash at birth, low birth weight, small head size, heart abnormalities, visual problems and bulging fontanelle. Fetal infection occurs transplacentally during the maternal viremic phase, but the mechanisms by which rubella virus causes fetal damage are poorly understood.

The fetal defects observed in congenital rubella syndrome are likely secondary to vasculitis resulting in tissue necrosis without inflammation. There is no treatment for maternal rubella or congenital rubella syndrome. Therefore, prevention assumes paramount importance.

It is most important to immunize all children, in an attempt to prevent epidemics. Children should receive rubella immunization at months of age, along with mumps and measles in a combined vaccine. Transplacental infection of the fetus with rubella usually in the first trimester of pregnancy, as a consequence of maternal infection, resulting in various developmental abnormalities in the newborn infant. They include cardiac and ocular lesions, deafness, microcephaly, mental retardation, and generalized growth retardation. We report a case of congenital rubella syndrome in a child born to a vaccinated New Jersey woman who had not traveled internationally.

Although rubella and congenital rubella syndrome have been eliminated from the United States, clinicians should remain vigilant and immediately notify public health authorities when either is suspected. Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu U. IligashI-ku, Fukuoka 81 Japan), K. After the fourth month, if the mother has a rubella infection, it is less likely to harm the developing baby. The number of babies born with this condition is much smaller since the rubella vaccine was developed.

Rubella and the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) have largely been eliminated in the United States. The incidence of rubella has declined from 0. However, rubella outbreaks continue to occur in other parts of the worl and CRS remains a concern. It occurs in approximately of patients.

Studies have demonstrated that approximately of patients with congenital rubella syndrome may present with deafness as the only abnormality without other manifestations.