Rubella teratogenic effects

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) can occur in children whose mothers contract the rubella virus, sometimes called German measles, during pregnancy. Depending on the gestational period when the mother contracts rubella , an infant born with CRS may be unaffected by the virus or it may have severe developmental defects. Full text Full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version.

Get a printable copy (PDF file) of the complete article (663K), or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Rubella is very dangerous for a pregnant woman and her developing baby. Anyone who is not vaccinated against rubella is at risk of getting the disease.

Although rubella was declared eliminated from the U. The virus can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta and is capable of causing serious congenital defects, abortions, and stillbirths. Rubella has symptoms that are similar to those of flu. However, the primary symptom of rubella virus infection is the appearance of a rash (exanthem) on the face which spreads to the trunk and limbs and usually fades after three days (that is why it is often referred to as three-day measles). There are billions of potential teratogens, but only a few agents are proven to have teratogenic effects. These effects can result in a baby being born with a birth defect.

Norman Gregg, who recognized congenital cataracts and other deformities following rubella (German measles) infection in the mother during pregnancy. The first and early second trimesters appear to be the most vulnerable periods in.

Based on what would you justify that rubella causes teratogenic side effects ? Spontaneous abortion of the fetus What would be the diagnostic tests for malaria considering that the pathogen multiplies in the RBCs? In rare cases, rubella can cause serious problems, including brain infections and bleeding problems. The most serious complication from rubella infection is the harm it can cause a pregnant woman’s developing baby. If an unvaccinated pregnant woman gets infected with rubella virus she can have a miscarriage, or her baby can die just after birth. The author of this research has no financial or other interests which post a conflict ofor other interests which post a conflict of interest.

Pregnancy outcomes in 6vaccine. However, because of the unknown, subtle effects of many agents, women preparing to con-ceive or already pregnant refrain from taking any medications that are not absolutely necessary. Rubella or German measles is an infection caused by rubella virus (RV). Infection of children and adults is usually characterized by a mild exanthematous febrile illness. However, RV is a major cause of birth defects and fetal death following infection in pregnant women.

RV is a teratogen and is a major cause of public health concern as there are more than 100cases of congenital rubella. Embryogenesis is an intricate process that can easily be disrupted by means of teratogenic agents. Some of these agents target the embryonic period’s “window of susceptibility,” three to eight weeks after a pregnant woman’s last menstruation, when the highest degree of sensitivity to embryonic cell differentiation and organ formation occurs. Infections can develop in the neonate transplacentally, perinatally (from vaginal secretions or blood), or postnatally (from breast milk or other sources). Rubella , congenital rubella syndrome, surveillance, immunization programs.

However, the public health importance of rubella relates to the teratogenic effects when rubella infection is acquired in the early months of pregnancy.

Herpes simplex, vaccinia and influenza-A (XWS) viruses produced teratogenic and lethal effects in the early chick embryo. The primary teratogenic effects of all viruses were micrencephaly and axial flexion, but minor characteristic differences could be detected in embryos infected with each of these agents. Teratology is the study of abnormalities of physiological development. Based upon either anecdotal information on exposures in humans or on the basis of testing in animals, drugs are classified as to their teratogenic potential.

It should be emphasized that less than of congenital malformations are caused by drugs or chemicals. Subsequently, rubella infection during early gestation was associated with the devastating array of congenital defects comprising the. Rubella virus was the first virus shown to be teratogenic in humans. It is now given to children as part of the MMR vaccine – measles, mumps, and rubella. Summary of Use during Lactation.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and several health professional organizations state that vaccines given to a nursing mother do not affect the safety of breastfeeding for mothers or infants and that breastfeeding is not a contraindication to rubella vaccine. Background: Rubella , though a mil vaccine-preventable disease, can manifest with severe teratogenic effects in the fetus labeled as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) due to primary maternal rubella infection. Its public health importance relates to the teratogenic effects of congenital rubella infection (CRI), which can lead to miscarriage, fetal death or the birth of an infant with con-genital rubella syndrome (CRS). Vaccines made of live virus, such as rubella (German measles) and varicella (chicken pox) cannot be given to pregnant women because of their teratogenic effects.

However, vaccines for cholera, typhoi hepatitis A and B, tetanus, diphtheria, plague, and rabies may be given if considered necessary.